Skip to main content
Middle East Fertility Society Journal
Download PDF

Prevalence and patterns of chromosomal abnormalities among Egyptian patients with infertility: a single institution’s 5-year experience

Middle East Fertility Society Journal volume 27, Article number: 10 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Chromosomal abnormalities represent an important cause of human infertility. Little is known about the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities among Egyptian couples with infertility. We estimated the cytogenetic profiles and semen analysis patterns among infertile couples. We analyzed data from medical archives of 2150 patients with infertility in Mansoura University Children’s Hospital, Egypt from 2015 to 2019. The data included karyotypes and semen analysis reports.

Results

Chromosomal abnormalities were reported in 13.5% of infertile patients (290/2150); 150 out of 1290 (11.62%) males and 140 out of 860 (16.28%) females. Within the infertile males, the numerical chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 134/1290 (10.38%) males, and structural abnormalities were found in 16/1290 (1.24%) males. Within the infertile females, numerical sex chromosome abnormalities were detected in 75/860 (8.72%) females, structural sex chromosome abnormalities were found in 31/860 (3.6%) females, mosaicism of the sex chromosome was found in 22/860 (2.56%) females, and male pseudohermaphrodites were detected in 12/860 (1.39%) females.

Conclusions

Numerical chromosomal aberrations are the most frequent patterns among infertile couples. Attention should be paid to the traditional chromosomal analysis as an important diagnostic step in the infertility work-up.

Background

Genetic causes account for half the cases of human infertility [1]. Among genetic causes, chromosomal abnormalities are frequently described [2]. With regard to the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities among the infertile couples, a marked variability was observed [3, 4]. The incidence of autosomal chromosomal abnormalities ranges from 1.1 to 7.2% among the infertile males [5,6,7,8,9], and represents 10% among the infertile females [10]. Within males, chromosomal abnormalities are reported with oligospermia and azoospermia [11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. Within females, chromosomal abnormalities contribute in the development of repeated abortions, primary ovarian failure, and XX gonadal dysgenesis [18].

In Arab region, several studies were conducted to describe the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities among infertile couples, but with variable results [19]. There is a trend to integrate genetics into the daily practice of the artificial reproductive techniques [20].

In the current study, we described the cytogenetic profile and semen analysis of the infertile couples referred for genetic counseling in Delta region of Egypt.

Methods

A retrospective descriptive study was carried out from January 2015 to December 2019 in the Genetics Unit of Mansoura University Children’s Hospital, Egypt. This unit provides genetic counseling for Delta region of Egypt that includes ten governorates with 41% of the total Egyptian population [21]. A total of 2150 Egyptian infertile cases {1290 (60%) males and 860 (40%) females} were investigated for chromosomal abnormalities. We retrieved data from patients’ medical archives, under data manager supervision, during the working hours. The data included the age, gender, associated oligo/azoospermia, type of infertility, duration of marriage, and the cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes.

In our genetics unit, the cytogenetic analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes according to G-banding technique [22]. About 1 ml blood was mixed with 5 ml Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) growth medium for the cell culture, 1 ml fetal bovine serum and 0.1 mg/ml phytohemagglutinin. Then, the mixture was incubated at 37 °C. After 72 h, 10 μg/ml N-desacetyl-N-methylocolchicine (Colcemid™) was added, and incubated for 90 min. The cells were then harvested by a hypotonic solution (90 min with 0.075 M KCl at 37 °C), fixed and washed thrice with a fixative solution (acetic acid and methanol in a ratio of 1:3). Then, the metaphases were spread and stained using the standard G-banding technique. For each case, a cytovision system was used to analyze the metaphases.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique was done for some cases according to a previously published technique [22]. About 10 μl probe was added to the target area. The cover slip was applied to the slide immediately, and sealed with a rubber cement. The slide was placed in a hot plate at 72 °C for 2 min, and then placed in an incubator at 37 °C overnight. The cover slip was removed from the slide, and immersed in 70 ml 0.4 × standard saline citrate (SSC)/0.3% NP-40 solution in a coplin jar at a warm water bath (73 ± 1°C) for 2 min. Then, the slide was immersed in 70 ml 2 × SSC/0.1% NP-40 in a coplin jar at 25 °C for 2 min. The slide was dried in the dark, and 10 μl 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole II counter stain was added to the target area of the slide. The cover slip was applied to each slide. The slide was examined by a fluorescence microscope using a suitable filter set.

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed using the statistical package of the social sciences version 25. Descriptive statistics were calculated and expressed as frequency and proportion.

Results

The mean age of the infertile males was 34.33 ± 3.39 years while that for the infertile females was 28.42 ± 3.13 years. Most of our studied cases had primary infertility (78%), while 22% of our patients had secondary infertility. The average duration of marriage was 57.7 ± 10.1 months. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 290/2150 (13.5%) infertile cases. These abnormalities were more frequent in females than males {16.28% (140/860) vs. 11.63% (150/1290)}. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities were the most frequent pattern among infertile males, being 134/1290 (10.38%) males. On the other hand, there were 16/1290 (1.24%) males with structural chromosomal abnormalities. Table 1 shows chromosomal abnormalities and semen analysis reports among the studied infertile men.

Table 1 Chromosomal abnormalities and sperm analysis reports among 150 infertile men
Full size table

Table 2 shows chromosomal abnormalities among the studied infertile females. Numerical sex chromosome abnormalities were found in 75/860 (8.72%) females. Structural sex chromosome abnormalities were found in 31/860 (3.6%) females. Mosaicism of X chromosome was found in 22/860 (2.56%) females. Male pseudo-hermaphrodite (XY) was detected in 12/860 (1.39%) females.

Table 2 Chromosomal abnormalities among 140 infertile females
Full size table

Discussion

Cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes is considered an important tool in the infertility work-up [23]. The current study showed that 13.5% of infertile patients had chromosomal abnormalities. This finding agrees with Radojcić et al. [24] and Butnariu et al. [25] who reported that nearly 13% and 16% of infertile patients had chromosomal abnormalities, respectively. On the other hand, other studies reported lower prevalences of chromosomal abnormalities when compared with the current study [26,27,28,29,30]. In our study, the selection bias might explain this relatively high frequency of chromosomal aberrations [31]. However, differences in the sample size and ethnicity should also be considered.

Chromosomal abnormalities among infertile females and males were 16.28% and 11.63%, respectively. Our finding confirms and supports several studies about the importance of the cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes in the infertility work-up [23, 28, 29].

In the current study, Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47, XXY) was the most common numerical chromosomal aberration among infertile men that copes with several studies [32, 33]. All classic KS cases had azoospermia similar to previously published reports [34, 35]. In our study, only seven patients (4.6%) of the infertile men had a mosaic form of KS (46, XY/47, XXY) that copes with Samplaski et al. [34] who found six mosaic cases out of 86 KS males. In our mosaic cases, two cases had oligospermia denoting better phenotype than their non-mosaic counterparts that copes with several reports [34, 36, 37]. Knowing the exact cytogenetic type of KS could help in the selection of the best assisted reproductive technique. Sperms could be obtained in approximately 50% of azoospermic KS cases from focal areas of spermatogenesis in the testes using the microsurgery sperm retrieval technique [35]. Moreover, it is well-known that specific pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PIGD) could also be performed to minimize the risk of transmitting genetic defects to offsprings [35].

In our study, we found 10/1290 (0.77%) patients with XYY syndrome (six cases with azoospermia and four cases with oligospermia). Despite most reported men with this syndrome were fertile, others reported an association with infertility [38]. There were also 11/1290 (0.85%) cases of (XX) male syndrome, and 6/1290 (0.46%) cases of (45, X) male syndrome. The mechanism explaining the male phenotype was the translocation of sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene on the X chromosome [6].

Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy are reported in 1:18000–1:100000 male births. The (48, XXYY, 48, XXXY and 49, XXXXY) syndromes are associated with tall stature, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, congenital malformations, and psychological problems [39]. In the current study, 5/1290 (0.38%) cases were (48, XXXY) syndrome, 2/1290 (0.15%) cases were (49, XXXXY) syndrome, and 4/1290 (0.31%) cases were (48, XXYY) syndrome.

In the current study, 5/1290 cases (0.38%) had a marker chromosome. The presence of a marker chromosome may be associated with malformations and developmental abnormalities, although it is always found in phenotypically normal individuals [40].

In our study, there were 16/1290 (0.01%) males with structural autosomal abnormalities; ten males were 45,XY,t(13;14) (q10;q10), one male was 46,XY,t(1;5)(q31;q11), one male was 46,XY,t(1;15)(p31;q26), two males were 46,XY,3q,t(3;21)(p10;q10), one male was 46,XY,t(3;16)(p21;p13), and one case was 45,XYp,t(10;21)(q26;q11). This frequency agrees with Kayed et al. [41] and is lower than Yatsenko et al. [7]. Translocations were observed in 16/1290 (1.24%) infertile men; six cases (0.46%) of reciprocal type and 10 cases (0.77%) of Robertsonian type. The frequency of both translocation types was 1.24% that agrees with other studies [32, 41].

Among infertile women, 70/860 (8.13%) cases were classic Turner syndrome (45, X), 10/860 (1.16 %) cases were mosaic Turner syndrome (45, X/46, XX), and 5/860 (0.58%) patients were triple X syndrome or trisomy X (47,XXX). Women with 47, XXX karyotype have an increased risk of premature ovarian failure [42]. These types of numerical chromosomal abnormalities were nearly similar to previous studies [32, 41].

Structural abnormalities of X chromosome were detected in 55/860 (6.39%) infertile females. Our frequency was higher than that reported in several studies [26, 32, 41] and lower than Kalavathi et al. [43]. Differences in results may be attributed to the variability in the sample size and ethnicity.

From the findings of the study, despite the recent advances in the field of genetics, we confirm the importance of the traditional cytogenetic study of chromosomes during the infertility work-up. Understanding the pattern of chromosomal aberrations could add much in the decision-making while planning for the assisted reproduction.

The strength of this study includes its adequately powered sample size. However, this study has some limitations; mainly inability to generalize the findings to other infertile patients outside the Delta region of Egypt. It is also a retrospective study, and we need a prospective study to examine a fixed number of couples and to investigate both male and female partners in the same couple.

Conclusions

Chromosomal abnormalities are common among Egyptian infertile patients especially women. Klinefelter and Turner syndromes were the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities among Egyptian infertile males and females in the Delta region, respectively. Increasing attention should be paid to the chromosomal analysis as an important diagnostic tool in the infertility work-up.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

KS:

Klinefelter syndrome

PIGD:

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

RPMI:

Roswell Park Memorial Institute

SRY:

Sex-determining region Y

SSC:

Standard saline citrate

References

  1. Zorrilla M, Yatsenko AN (2013) The genetics of infertility: current status of the field. Curr Genet Med Rep 1(4):247–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Krausz C, Cioppi F, Riera-Escamilla A (2018) Testing for genetic contributions to infertility: potential clinical impact. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 18(4):331–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Liang P, Zeng Y, Yin B, Lin Q, Cai J, Zhang W (2009) Study on the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in 10325 infertility patients who resort to IVF/ICSI. Fertil Steril 92(3):S14–S15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Alkhalaf M, Al-Shoumer K (2010) Cytogenetic abnormalities and azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletions in infertile men from Kuwait. J Mol Genet Med 4:232–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Elghezal H, Hidar S, Braham R, Denguezli W, Ajina M, Saâd A (2006) Chromosome abnormalities in one thousand infertile males with nonobstructive sperm disorders. Fertil Steril 86(6):1792–1795

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Raziel A, Friedler S, Schachter M, Kasterstein E, Strassburger D, Ron-El R (2002) Increased frequency of female partner chromosomal abnormalities in patients with high-order implantation failure after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 78(3):515–519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yatsenko AN, Yatsenko SA, Weedin JW, Lawrence AE, Patel A, Peacock S, Matzuk MM, Lamb DJ, Cheung SW, Lipshultz LI (2010) Comprehensive 5-year study of cytogenetic aberrations in 668 infertile men. J Urol 183(4):1636–1642

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Ravel C, Berthaut I, Bresson JL, Siffroi JP, Genetics Commission of the French Federation of CECOS (2006) Prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in phenotypically normal and fertile adult males: large-scale survey of over 10 000 sperm donor karyotypes. Hum Reprod 21(6):1484–1489

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Babakhanzadeh E, Nazari M, Ghasemifar S, Khodadadian A (2020) Some of the factors involved in male infertility: a prospective review. Int J Gen Med 13:29–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Vicdan A, Vicdan K, Günalp S, Kence A, Akarsu C, Işik AZ, Sözen E (2004) Genetic aspects of human male infertility: the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities and Y chromosome microdeletions in severe male factor infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 117(1):49–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ceylan GG, Ceylan C, Elyas H (2009) Genetic anomalies in patients with severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia in eastern Turkey: a prospective study. Genet Mol Res 8(3):915–922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Balkan M, Tekes S, Gedik A (2008) Cytogenetic and Y chromosome microdeletion screening studies in infertile males with Oligozoospermia and Azoospermia in Southeast Turkey. J Assist Reprod Genet 25(11–12):559–565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Nagvenkar P, Desai K, Hinduja I, Zaveri K (2005) Chromosomal studies in infertile men with oligozoospermia & non-obstructive azoospermia. Indian J Med Res 122(1):34–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ng PP, Tang MH, Lau ET, Ng LK, Ng EH, Tam PC, Yeung WS, Ho PC (2009) Chromosomal anomalies and Y-microdeletions among Chinese subfertile men in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 15(1):31–38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhou-Cun A, Yang Y, Zhang SZ, Zhang W, Lin L (2006) Chromosomal abnormality and Y chromosome microdeletion in Chinese patients with azoospermia or severe Oligozoo-spermia. Acta Genet Sin 33(2):111–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chiang HS, Wei HJ, Chen YT (2000) Genetic screening for patients with azoospermia and severe oligo-asthenospermia. Int J Androl 23(S2):20–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Colaco S, Modi D (2018) Genetics of the human Y chromosome and its association with male infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 16(1):14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Venkatesh T, Suresh PS, Tsutsumi R (2014) New insights into the genetic basis of infertility. Appl Clin Genet 7:235–243

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Shay JW, Homma N, Zhou R, Naseer MI, Chaudhary AG, Al-Qahtani M et al (2016) Abstracts from the 3rd international genomic medicine conference (3rd IGMC 2015) : Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 30 November - 3 December 2015. BMC Genomics 17(Suppl 6):487

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Harper J, Geraedts J, Borry P, Cornel MC, Dondorp WJ, Gianaroli L, Harton G, Milachich T, Kääriäinen H, Liebaers I, Morris M, Sequeiros J, Sermon K, Shenfield F, Skirton H, Soini S, Spits C, Veiga A, Vermeesch JR, Viville S, de Wert G, Macek M Jr, ESHG, ESHRE and EuroGentest2 (2014) Current issues in medically assisted reproduction and genetics in Europe: research, clinical practice, ethics, legal issues and policy. Hum Reprod 29(8):1603–1609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. El-Gilany AH, Yahia S, Wahba Y (2017) Prevalence of congenital heart diseases in children with Down syndrome in Mansoura, Egypt: a retrospective descriptive study. Ann Saudi Med 37(5):386–392

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Rooney DE, Czepulkowski BH (1997) In: Rickwood D (ed) Human chromosome preparation, essential techniques series. Department of Biological and Chemical sciences, University Press, London, pp 37–38

    Google Scholar 

  23. Zhao P, Gu X, Wu H, Deng X (2019) Molecular and cytogenetic analysis of infertile Hakka men with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia in southern China. J Int Med Res 47(3):1114–1123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Radojcić Badovinac A, Buretić-Tomljanović A, Starcević N, Kapović M, Vlastelić I, Randić L (2000) Chromosome studies in patients with defective reproductive success. Am J Reprod Immunol 44(5):279–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Butnariu L, Covic M, Onofriescu M, Grămescu M, Bujoran C, Caba L, Gorduza EV (2010) Chromosomal evaluation in couples with reproductive disorders--retrospective study of a selected group of 266 couples. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 114(4):1107–1113

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pylyp LY, Spinenko LO, Verhoglyad NV, Kashevarova OO, Zukin VD (2015) Chromosomal abnormalities in patients with infertility. Tsitol Genet 49(3):33–39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Meza-Espinoza JP, Anguiano LO, Rivera H (2008) Chromosomal abnormalities in couples with reproductive disorders. Gynecol Obstet Investig 66(4):237–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Jesus AR, Silva-Soares S, Silva J, Severo M, Barros A, Dória S (2019) Reproductive success of assisted reproductive technology in couples with chromosomal abnormalities. J Assist Reprod Genet 36(7):1471–1479

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Mierla D, Malageanu M, Tulin R, Albu D (2015) Prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in infertile couples in Romania. Balkan J Med Genet 18(1):23–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Tiboni GM, Verna I, Giampietro F, Leonzio E, Impicciatore GG (2011) Cytogenetic findings and reproductive outcome of infertile couples referred to an assisted reproduction program. Gynecol Endocrinol 27(9):669–674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Azimi C, Khaleghian M, Farzanfar F (2013) A retrospective chromosome studies among Iranian infertile women: report of 21 years. Iran J Reprod Med 11(4):315–324

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Mierla D, Jardan D, Stoian V (2014) Chromosomal abnormality in men with impaired spermatogenesis. Int J Fertil Steril 8(1):35–42

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Berglund A, Stochholm K, Gravholt CH (2020) The epidemiology of sex chromosome abnormalities. Am J Med Genet C: Semin Med Genet 184(2):202–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Samplaski MK, Lo KC, Grober ED, Millar A, Dimitromanolakis A, Jarvi KA (2014) Phenotypic differences in mosaic Klinefelter patients as compared with non-mosaic Klinefelter patients. Fertil Steril 101(4):950–955

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Xie C, Chen X, Liu Y, Wu Z, Ping P (2018) Multicenter study of genetic abnormalities associated with severe oligospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia. J Int Med Res 46(1):107–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lanfranco F, Kamischke A, Zitzmann M, Nieschlag E (2004) Klinefelter’s syndrome. Lancet 364(9430):273–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Paduch DA, Fine RG, Bolyakov A, Kiper J (2008) New concepts in Klinefelter syndrome. Curr Opin Urol 18(6):621–627

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bellovits O, Rusz A, Romics I, Csonka E, Hadlaczky G, Sótonyi P, Bujdosó G (2006) Chromosomal aneuploidy in azoospermic men. Int J Hum Genet 6(2):171–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Tartaglia N, Ayari N, Howell S, D'Epagnier C, Zeitler P (2011) 48, XXYY, 48, XXXY and 49, XXXXY syndromes: not just variants of Klinefelter syndrome. Acta Paediatr 100(6):851–860

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Woo HY, Cho HJ, Kong SY, Kim HJ, Jeon HB, Kim EC, Park H, Kim YJ, Kim SH (2003) Marker chromosomes in Korean patients: incidence, identification and diagnostic approach. J Korean Med Sci 18(6):773–778

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Kayed HF, Mansour RT, Aboulghar MA, Serour GI, Amer AE, Abdrazik A (2006) Screening for chromosomal abnormalities in 2650 infertile couples undergoing ICSI. Reprod BioMed Online 12(3):359–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Holland CM (2001) 47, XXX in an adolescent with premature ovarian failure and autoimmune disease. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 14(2):77–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kalavathi V, Chandra N, Nambiar GR, Shanker J, Sugunashankari P, Meena J, Jegatheesan T, Santhiya ST, Ramesh A, Gopinath PM, Marimuthu KM (2010) Chromosomal abnormalities in 979 cases of amenorrhea: a review. Int J Hum Genet 10(1–3):65–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genetics Unit, Mansoura University Children’s Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Faeza El-Dahtory

  2. Pediatrics Department, Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Sohier Yahia & Yahya Wahba

  3. Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, Cairo, Egypt

    Rabab Ahmed Rasheed

Authors
  1. Faeza El-Dahtory
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sohier Yahia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rabab Ahmed Rasheed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yahya Wahba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. FE collected the clinical and laboratory data of the cases. SY shared in data collection, analysis, and shared in writing the manuscript. RAR contributed to interpretation of laboratory data. YW submitted the protocol for the Institutional Research Board, shared in data collection and analysis, interpretation of results, and drafted the article. All authors revised, approved the final manuscript, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yahya Wahba.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Our study was accepted by Institutional Research Board of Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Egypt (Code number: R.19.10.650), and in accordance to principles of 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendment.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

El-Dahtory, F., Yahia, S., Rasheed, R.A. et al. Prevalence and patterns of chromosomal abnormalities among Egyptian patients with infertility: a single institution’s 5-year experience. Middle East Fertil Soc J 27, 10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43043-022-00101-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43043-022-00101-x

Keywords

  • Chromosomes
  • Genetics
  • Infertile couples
  • Karyotype