Table 2 Predictors of sperm in the testicular biopsy and relative effects of gene expression

Odds ratio (OR) (95% CI)

Rate difference

(95% CI)

P value

 Trend effect of expressed gene on presence of sperm

1.25 (1.14 to 134)

26 (21 to 32)

< 0.0001

 High vs low gene expression^a

5.34 (1.97 to 13.16)

39 (17 to 57)

0.0006

 Moderate vs low gene expression^a

7.04 (1.47 to 24.36)

41 (12 to 65)

0.005

 High vs moderate gene expression^a

0.74

(0.22 to 3.20)

3 (– 25 to 25)

0.82

 Low vs moderate gene expression^a

0.14 (0.04 to 0.65)

– 41 (– 65 to – 11)

0.0051

 Average vs small testicular volume^a

0.16 (0.06 to 0.47)

– 39 (– 55 to – 21)

0.0002

 Male age

1.39 (0.92 to 2.17)

7.7 (– 2 to 17)

0.12

 FSH

0.37 (0.20 to 0.65)

– 18 (– 23 to – 10)

0.001

 Testosterone

1.60 (0.90 to 2.82)

12 (– 3 to 22)

0.12

 Effect of gene expression level on normal testicular volume

1.52 (0.88 to 2.71)

– 10 (– 21 to 3)

0.15

 Effect of high vs low gene expression on testicular volume^a

0.29 (0.07 to 1.96)

– 22 (– 53 to 14)

0.19

 Effect of moderate vs low gene expression on testicular volume^a

0.31 (0.05 to 3.11)

– 21 (– 85 to 21)

0.31

 Effect of gene expression on TESE sperm concentration

0.79

(0.42 to 1.41)

– 6

(– 17 to 8)

0.36

OR (95% CI): pairwise comparison

Mean ratio (95% CI):

trend detection

Male age effect on gene expression

1.00 (0.56 to 1.71)

0.91

(0.21 to 3.9)

0.892

FSH effect on gene expression level

1.07 ( 0.61 to 1.81)

0.77

(0.18 to 3.31)

0.73

Testosterone effect on gene expression level

0.73 (0.42 to 1.24)

2.31

(0.54 to 9.65)

0.25